朱棣文,朱棣文简介妻子

朱棣文
编辑
朱棣文（Steven Chu），1948年2月28日生于美国密苏里州圣路易斯，美国第12任能源部部长[1-2] 、1997年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者[3-4] 、现任斯坦福大学物理学教授[5-6] 。
1970年毕业于罗切斯特大学，获数学学士和物理学学士学位[4] ，1976年获得美国加州大学伯克利分校物理学博士学位[3] 。1978年，担任美国物理学会理事[4] 。1993年，获颁费塞尔国王国际科学奖；1994年，获亚瑟萧洛奖及威廉梅格斯奖；1997年获诺贝尔物理学奖[3] 。1998年6月5日，当选为中国科学院外籍院士[8] 。
2004-2008年任美国劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室主任，同时兼任加州大学伯克利分校物理学教授[1] 。2008年12月15日，获得美国第56届当选总统奥巴马提名出任美国第12任能源部长[2] 。

朱棣文，1948年2月28日生于美国密苏里州圣路易斯，美国能源部部长、诺贝尔物理学奖获得者1970年毕业于罗切斯特大学，获数学学士和物理学学士学位。1978年，担任美国物理学会理事。 朱棣文从事的是目前世界上最尖端的激光致冷捕捉技术研究，有着非常广泛的实际用途，这项研究为帮助人类了解放射线与物质之间的相互作用，特别是深入理解气体在低温下的量子物理特性开辟了道路。 在原子与分子物理学中，研究气体的原子与分子相当困难，因为它们即使在室温下，也会以上百公里的速度朝四面八方移动,唯一可行的方法是冷却，然而，一般冷却方法会让气体凝结为液体进而结冻。 朱棣文等3位学者则利用激光达到冷却气体的效果，即用激光束（molassos）达到万分之一绝对温度，等于非常接近绝对零度（摄氏零下273度）。原子一旦陷入其中，速度将变得非常缓慢，而变得容易俘获。 人物评价 朱棣文在博士后期间便展露出杰出的科研才能，后来领导AT&T贝尔实验室量子电子学部，正是在那时开创了用激光冷却并捕捉原子的方法，使他当仁不让地获得了1997年诺贝尔奖。 他不到三十岁便任斯坦福大学教授，2004年开始总管美国资源部资历最老的国家实验室，在他的领导下，国家实验室完成了一系列影响深远的环境及能源问题报告。

这一技术早期的主要目的是为了精确测量各种原子参数，用于高分辨率激光光谱和超高精度的量子频标(原子钟)，后来成为实现原子玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的关键实验方法。


激光冷却有许多应用，如：原子光学、原子刻蚀、原子钟、光学晶格、光镊子、玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚、原子激光、高分辨率光谱以及光和物质的相互作用的基础研究等。

Steven Chu (born February 28, 1948),[3] is a physicist and currently the 12th United States Secretary of Energy. As a scientist, Chu is known for his research in cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light, which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997.[3] At the time of his appointment as Energy Secretary, he was a professor of physics and molecular and cellular biology at the University of California, Berkeley and the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where his research was concerned primarily with the study of biological systems at the single molecule level.[1] He is a vocal advocate for more research into alternative energy and nuclear power, arguing that a shift away from fossil fuels is essential to combat global warming.[4][5][6]Contents[hide] 1 Personal life 2 Career and research 3 Energy and global warming 4 Honors and awards 5 Energy Secretary 6 See also 7 References 8 External links [edit] Personal life Chu, a Chinese American,[7] was born in St. Louis, Missouri, with ancestry from Taicang, in Jiangsu province,[8] and graduated from Garden City High School.[9] He received his bachelor’s degree in 1970 from the University of Rochester, and his doctorate degree from University of California, Berkeley in 1976, during which he was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship.[10]Chu comes from a family of scholars. His father earned an advanced chemical engineering degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and taught at Washington University in St. Louis and Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, while his mother studied economics. His maternal grandfather earned advanced civil engineering degrees at Cornell University and his mother's uncle, Li Shu-hua, a notable physical scientist, studied physics at the Sorbonne before they returned to China.[3] His older brother Gilbert Chu is a professor and researcher of biochemistry and medicine at Stanford University. His younger brother, Morgan Chu, is a partner and the former Co-Managing Partner at the law firm Irell & Manella LLP.[11] According to Chu, his two brothers and four cousins earned three M.D.s, four Ph.D.s, and a J.D. among them. In 1997, he married Jean Fetter, a British American and an Oxford-trained physicist.[7] He has two sons, Geoffrey and Michael, from a previous marriage to Lisa Chu-Thielbar.[3]Beside his scientific career, Chu has also developed interest in various sports, including baseball, swimming and cycling. On May 15, 2009, he made a surprise appearance at Bike-to-Work Day in Washington, DC, where he stated his goal to decrease his cycling time from Chevy Chase, Maryland, to the Georgetown boathouse from 18 to 15 minutes. He taught himself tennis by reading a book in the eighth grade, and was a second-string substitute for the school team for three years. He also taught himself how to pole vault using bamboo poles obtained from the local carpet store.[3] Chu said he never learned to speak Chinese because his parents always talked to him and his brothers in English, although he said (in 1997) that he was trying to learn Mandarin, believing that if he could stay in China for "at least six months", he would become fluent.[7][edit] Career and research After obtaining his doctorate degree, Chu remained at Berkeley as a postdoctoral researcher for two years before joining Bell Labs, where he and his several co-workers carried out his Nobel Prize-winning laser cooling work. He left Bell Labs and became a professor of physics at Stanford University in 1987,[3] serving as the chair of its Physics Department from 1990 to 1993 and from 1999 to 2001. While at Stanford, Chu, together with three other professors, initiated the Bio-X program, which focuses on interdisciplinary research in biology and medicine,[12] and played an important role in securing the funding of the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology.[13] In August 2004, Chu was appointed as the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory, and joined UC Berkeley's Department of Physics and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology.[14] Under Chu's leadership, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been a center of research into biofuels and solar energy technologies.[4] He spearheaded the laboratory's Helios project, an initiative to develop methods of harnessing solar power as a source of renewable energy for transportation.[14]Chu's early research focused on atomic physics by developing laser cooling techniques and the magneto-optical trapping of atoms using lasers. He and his co-workers at Bell Labs developed a method of cooling atoms by employing six laser beams opposed in pairs and arranged in three directions at right angles to each other. Trapping atoms with this method allows scientists to study, with great accuracy, individual atoms which exist in the air, and determine their inner structure. Additionally, it is believed that a technique can be developed with this method to construct an atomic clock with great precision.[15]While at Stanford, Chu's research interests expanded into biological physics and polymer physics at the single molecular level. In the field of biological physics, he studied enzyme activity and protein and RNA folding using techniques such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer, atomic force microscopy, and optical tweezers. Chu's research in polymer physics made use of individual molecules of DNA to study polymer dynamics and phase transitions associated with these dynamics. He further continued his research in atomic physics as well, developing new methods of laser cooling and trapping.[16][edit] Energy and global warming Chu has been a vocal advocate for more research into alternative energy and nuclear power, arguing that a shift away from fossil fuels is essential to combat global warming.[4][5][6] He also spoke at the 2009 National Science Bowl about the importance of America's science students, emphasizing their future role in environmental planning and global initiative. Chu said that a typical coal power plant emits 100 times more radiation than a nuclear power plant.[17]Chu warns that global warming could wipe out California farms within the century.[18]He has joined the Copenhagen Climate Council,[19] an international collaboration between business and science, established to create momentum for the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen.Chu was instrumental in submitting a winning bid for the Energy Biosciences Institute, a BP-funded $500 million multi-disciplinary collaborative project between UC Berkeley, the Lawrence Berkeley Lab and the University of Illinois. This sparked controversy on the Berkeley campus, where some fear the alliance could harm the school’s reputation for academic integrity.[20][21][22][23][24][edit] Honors and awards Steven Chu is a co-winner of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997 for the "development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light", shared with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips. He is a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society and the Academia Sinica, and is a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and of the Korean Academy of Science and Engineering.[25] Dr. Chu received an honorary doctorate from Boston University when he was the keynote speaker at the 2007 commencement exercises.[26] Diablo magazine, based east of Berkeley in Walnut Creek, California, honored Dr. Chu with one of its annual Eco Awards in its April 2009 issue [27], shortly after he was nominated as energy secretary. Harvard University awarded him an honorary doctorate during its 200

Steven Chu (traditional Chinese: 朱棣文, born February 28, 1948)is an American physicist and the 12th United States Secretary of Energy. Chu is known for his research at Bell Labs in cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light, which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997, along with his scientific colleagues Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips.At the time of his appointment as Energy Secretary, he was a professor of physics and molecular and cellular biology at the University of California, Berkeley and the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where his research was concerned primarily with the study of biological systems at the single molecule level. Previously, he had been a professor of physics at Stanford University. He is a vocal advocate for more research into renewable energy and nuclear power, arguing that a shift away from fossil fuels is essential to combating climate change. For example, he has conceived of a global "glucose economy", a form of a low-carbon economy, in which glucose from tropical plants is shipped around like oil is today.

历史是记载和解释一系列人类活动进程的历史事件的一门学科，多数时候也是对当下时代的映射。 了解历史的方法有： 1、联想比较记忆法：没有联想比较，就没有深刻的记忆。联想比较记忆法是对历史现象从各种角度各种联系上通过辨别、分析，找出它们的异同点进行记忆。联想比较记忆法不仅能使我们巧妙地获取知识，而且也有利于培养我们的思维能力。 2、规律记忆法：规律记忆法是一种较高层次的记忆法，它是在找出共性的前提之下，再找出个性，这样常常能起到触类旁通、一石三鸟的作用，还可能帮助你迸发出创造性思维的火花。 例如，资产阶级革命在欧、美许多国家发生，但各国的背景有着共同之处，主要的规律就是本国资本主义有了长足的发展而封建势力或殖民势力严重地阻碍它的发展。 3、学会阅读：尤其是阅读教材，在阅读教材方面要学会快速阅读教材，取得课堂上的主动权。在课堂上，要知道老师，讲的层次性，针对性的问题。是启发大家，什么内容需要详细的读，反复的思考。在做历史笔记时，要养成良好的阅读习惯。圈点批注，给历史名词概念人物，所做的补充，要做一个大概的了解，重点知识部分要重点记录。

中国历代均设置专门记录和编撰历史的官职，统称史官。各朝对史官的称谓与分类多不相同，但主要的可以分类记录类和编纂类两者。史官刚刚出现的时候以及发展过程中的很长时间，这两者是不大分别的，后来演化出专门负责记录的起居注史官和史馆史官，前者随侍皇帝左右，记录皇帝的言行与政务得失，皇帝不能阅读这些记录内容，后者专门编纂前代王朝的官方历史。

朱棣文小时候喜欢动手做一些组合、操作的事情，从而造就了他一双灵巧的手。 他从小受到儒家文化的熏陶和培养，从父母那里学会了刻苦、勤劳和谦逊的精神和品德并不宽裕的生活环境也造就了他不骄不躁、不屈不挠的坚强性格。 中学毕业，他进入美国知名学府、也是华裔较多的加州伯克利大学深造，1970年又获物理学博士学位。1978年，朱棣文进入美国贝尔实验室任研究员；1987年起斯坦福大学教授至今。他工作生活十分繁忙，但精力充沛，他带着8个博士生，指导两个博士后，每年还给硕士研究生开两门课，还要从事自己的原子物理学研究。 他是一个兴趣广泛的人，喜欢烹饪，烧得一手好中国菜，在研究工作之余，下厨做菜，他甚至将实验也称为做菜。“在有限的资源中求变”是做菜和做实验的相通之处，也是他突破科学研究瓶颈，创造科学奇迹的秘诀之一。他爱好打网球、游泳和骑自行车。他一天工作十几个小时，他的博士生金政说“我觉得朱教授活得并不累，因为他太爱物理学了”！ 他认为要成为一个成功的物理学家，首先必须要有好奇心，不论对自然还是对普通事物都要有好奇心；而最重要的是要有恒心和毅力。科学研究是一项艰辛而漫长的工作，在整个过程中，要不断努力和学习，不骄不躁，锲而不舍，直到研究出新的结果。 在1993年5月就当选为美国科学院院士的朱棣文平时很少提及自己的研究成就，甚至在父母面前也从不提起。他的母亲说：“以前他每次得奖从不告诉我们，都是我的朋友看到报道后，剪下来寄给我的。像1996年获左根汉研究奖；1993年获第一个国际大奖；1987年获美国物理学会艺术奖等，他都没有表示出特别的兴奋。” 当有人告诉朱棣文他获诺贝尔奖时，他的第一反应是：“别开玩笑！”当有人问他怎么处理奖金时，他说打算买辆山地自行车。 1997年10月15日凌晨，朱棣文还在睡觉，却被一阵急促的电话铃声惊醒了。他睡眼惺忪地拿起电话，听到他的一个学生激动地说：“朱教授，恭喜你获得诺贝尔奖了！”经常爱跟学生逗笑的朱棣文认为这肯定是他的学生在搞恶作剧，所以他满不在乎的说了一句“别开玩笑！”然后就挂上了电话，打算接着睡。可是亲友同事学生们的电话却接二连三地打进来，对他获奖表示祝贺，但他仍不相信。 后来他又接到媒体打来的电话，这时他还有点半信半疑，但还是打电话向斯坦福大学新闻社求证，新闻社答复确有其事，朱棣文才确信这不是玩笑。此刻他家里已炸了窝，媒体记者、摄像机一涌而入，把他的家闹翻了天。但正好那天他还有课，他可不想因此耽误了教学，所以仍和往常一样去上课。媒体记者们也跟着涌进教室。他的学生们已知道了消息，当他走进教室时，全体起立热烈鼓掌祝贺，紧接着就是七嘴八舌地提问：“嗨，你为什么获奖？”“你做了什么事？”“以前怎么没听你讲过？”朱棣文只好向学生们简单介绍说明了一下，才得以继续上课。课后，斯坦福大学特意为他举行了记者招待会。同时，包括中国科学院在内的各方发出的贺信贺电雪片般向他飞来，世界各大媒体也对此进行了大篇幅报道。 朱棣文获得了诺贝尔奖后，他仍然表示：“我还是我，跟昨天没有什么两样。”在谈到所获诺贝尔奖金时，他以幽默的口吻说：“我只是运气比较好。”他只得到100万美元中的1/3，“山姆大叔”还要拿走一半，真正到手的只有十几万美元。他要用这些钱还一些家庭贷款，给孩子们的教育投点资，至于他自己，只想买一辆山地自行车，如此而已。 朱棣文为人谦虚，得奖后他向记者表示自己并不聪明，但常有危机感：担心自己会思维枯竭。就是因为他抱有这样的心态，才会不断地学习新的知识，不让别人超越自己。由此我们可知，正是因为朱棣文不骄不躁，锲而不舍的信念从而成就了他的人生！